cjson.c

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/*
 * Copyright (C) 2006-2007 Dan Pascu.
 * Author: Dan Pascu <dan@ag-projects.com>
 *
 * Fast JSON encoder/decoder implementation for Python
 * This file is under GPL licence
 */

#include <Python.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <math.h>

typedef struct JSONData {
    char *str; /* the actual json string */
    char *end; /* pointer to the string end */
    char *ptr; /* pointer to the current parsing position */
    int  all_unicode; /* make all output strings unicode if true */
} JSONData;

static PyObject *encode_object(PyObject *object);
static PyObject *encode_string(PyObject *object);
static PyObject *encode_unicode(PyObject *object);
static PyObject *encode_tuple(PyObject *object);
static PyObject *encode_list(PyObject *object);
static PyObject *encode_dict(PyObject *object);

static PyObject *decode_json(JSONData *jsondata);
static PyObject *decode_null(JSONData *jsondata);
static PyObject *decode_bool(JSONData *jsondata);
static PyObject *decode_string(JSONData *jsondata);
static PyObject *decode_inf(JSONData *jsondata);
static PyObject *decode_nan(JSONData *jsondata);
static PyObject *decode_number(JSONData *jsondata);
static PyObject *decode_array(JSONData *jsondata);
static PyObject *decode_object(JSONData *jsondata);

static PyObject *JSON_Error;
static PyObject *JSON_EncodeError;
static PyObject *JSON_DecodeError;

#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
typedef int Py_ssize_t;

#define PY_SSIZE_T_MAX INT_MAX
#define PY_SSIZE_T_MIN INT_MIN

#define SSIZE_T_F "%d"
#else
#define SSIZE_T_F "%zd"
#endif

#define True  1
#define False 0

#ifndef INFINITY
#define INFINITY HUGE_VAL
#endif

#ifndef NAN
#define NAN (HUGE_VAL-HUGE_VAL)
#endif

#ifndef Py_IS_NAN
#define Py_IS_NAN(X) ((X) != (X))
#endif

#define skipSpaces(d) while (*((d)->ptr) && isspace(*((d)->ptr))) (d)->ptr++

/* ------------------------------ Decoding ----------------------------- */

static void getRowAndCol(char *begin, char *current, int *row, int *col) {
    *col = 1;
    *row = 1;
    while (current > begin) {
        if (*current == '\n')
            (*row)++;
        if (*row < 2)
            (*col)++;
        current--;
    }
}
static PyObject *decode_null(JSONData *jsondata) {
    ptrdiff_t left;

    left = jsondata->end-jsondata->ptr;

    if (left >= 4 && strncmp(jsondata->ptr, "null", 4) == 0) {
        jsondata->ptr += 4;
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    } else {
        int row, col;

        getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
        PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "cannot parse JSON description: %.20s" "(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")", jsondata->ptr, (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
        return NULL;
    }
}

static PyObject *decode_bool(JSONData *jsondata) {
    ptrdiff_t left;

    left = jsondata->end-jsondata->ptr;

    if (left >= 4 && strncmp(jsondata->ptr, "true", 4) == 0) {
        jsondata->ptr += 4;
        Py_INCREF(Py_True);
        return Py_True;
    } else if (left >= 5 && strncmp(jsondata->ptr, "false", 5) == 0) {
        jsondata->ptr += 5;
        Py_INCREF(Py_False);
        return Py_False;
    } else {
        int row, col;

        getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
        PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "cannot parse JSON description: %.20s" "(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")", jsondata->ptr, (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
        return NULL;
    }
}

static PyObject *decode_string(JSONData *jsondata) {
    PyObject *object;
    int c, escaping, has_unicode, string_escape;
    Py_ssize_t len;
    char *ptr;

    /* look for the closing quote */
    escaping = has_unicode = string_escape = False;
    ptr = jsondata->ptr+1;
    while (True) {
        c = *ptr;
        if (c == 0) {
            int row, col;

            getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
            PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "unterminated string starting at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                         (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (!escaping) {
            if (c == '\\') {
                escaping = True;
            } else if (c == '"') {
                break;
            } else if (!isascii(c)) {
                has_unicode = True;
            }
        } else {
            switch (c) {
            case 'u':
                has_unicode = True;
                break;
            case '"':
            case 'r':
            case 'n':
            case 't':
            case 'b':
            case 'f':
            case '\\':
                string_escape = True;
                break;
            }
            escaping = False;
        }
        ptr++;
    }

    len = ptr-jsondata->ptr-1;

    if (has_unicode || jsondata->all_unicode)
        object = PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape(jsondata->ptr+1, len, NULL);
    else if (string_escape)
        object = PyString_DecodeEscape(jsondata->ptr+1, len, NULL, 0, NULL);
    else
        object = PyString_FromStringAndSize(jsondata->ptr+1, len);

    if (object == NULL) {
        PyObject *type, *value, *tb, *reason;

        PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &tb);
        if (type == NULL) {
            int row, col;

            getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
            PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "invalid string starting at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                         (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
        } else {
            if (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(type, PyExc_UnicodeDecodeError)) {
                int row, col;

                reason = PyObject_GetAttrString(value, "reason");
                getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
                PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "cannot decode string starting" " at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F"): %s",
                             (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col,
                             reason ? PyString_AsString(reason) : "bad format");
                Py_XDECREF(reason);
            } else {
                int row, col;

                getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
                PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "invalid string starting at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                             (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
            }
        }
        Py_XDECREF(type);
        Py_XDECREF(value);
        Py_XDECREF(tb);
    } else {
        jsondata->ptr = ptr+1;
    }

    return object;
}

static PyObject *decode_inf(JSONData *jsondata) {
    PyObject *object;
    ptrdiff_t left;

    left = jsondata->end-jsondata->ptr;

    if (left >= 8 && strncmp(jsondata->ptr, "Infinity", 8) == 0) {
        jsondata->ptr += 8;
        object = PyFloat_FromDouble(INFINITY);
        return object;
    } else if (left >= 9 && strncmp(jsondata->ptr, "+Infinity", 9) == 0) {
        jsondata->ptr += 9;
        object = PyFloat_FromDouble(INFINITY);
        return object;
    } else if (left >= 9 && strncmp(jsondata->ptr, "-Infinity", 9) == 0) {
        jsondata->ptr += 9;
        object = PyFloat_FromDouble(-INFINITY);
        return object;
    } else {
        int row, col;

        getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
        PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "cannot parse JSON description: %.20s (row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")", jsondata->ptr, (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
        return NULL;
    }
}

static PyObject *decode_nan(JSONData *jsondata) {
    PyObject *object;
    ptrdiff_t left;

    left = jsondata->end-jsondata->ptr;

    if (left >= 3 && strncmp(jsondata->ptr, "NaN", 3) == 0) {
        jsondata->ptr += 3;
        object = PyFloat_FromDouble(NAN);
        return object;
    } else {
        int row, col;
        getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
        PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "cannot parse JSON description: %.20s(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")", jsondata->ptr, (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
        return NULL;
    }
}

static PyObject *decode_number(JSONData *jsondata) {
    PyObject *object, *str;
    int c, is_float, should_stop;
    char *ptr;

    /* check if we got a floating point number */
    ptr = jsondata->ptr;
    is_float = should_stop = False;
    while (True) {
        c = *ptr;
        if (c == 0)
            break;
        switch (c) {
        case '0':
        case '1':
        case '2':
        case '3':
        case '4':
        case '5':
        case '6':
        case '7':
        case '8':
        case '9':
        case '-':
        case '+':
            break;

        case '.':
        case 'e':
        case 'E':
            is_float = True;
            break;

        default:
            should_stop = True;
        }
        if (should_stop) {
            break;
        }
        ptr++;
    }

    str = PyString_FromStringAndSize(jsondata->ptr, ptr-jsondata->ptr);
    if (str == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (is_float) {
        object = PyFloat_FromString(str, NULL);
    } else {
        object = PyInt_FromString(PyString_AS_STRING(str), NULL, 10);
    }

    Py_DECREF(str);

    if (object == NULL) {
        int row, col;

        getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
        PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "invalid number starting at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")", (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
    } else {
        jsondata->ptr = ptr;
    }

    return object;
}

static PyObject *decode_array(JSONData *jsondata) {
    PyObject *object, *item;
    int c, expect_item, items, result;
    char *start;

    object = PyList_New(0);

    start = jsondata->ptr;
    jsondata->ptr++;
    expect_item = True;
    items = 0;
    while (True) {
        skipSpaces(jsondata);
        c = *jsondata->ptr;
        if (c == 0) {
            int row, col;

            getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
            PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "unterminated array starting at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                         (Py_ssize_t)(start-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
            goto failure;
        } else if (c == ']') {
            if (expect_item && items > 0) {
                int row, col;

                getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
                PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "expecting array item at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                             (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
                goto failure;
            }
            jsondata->ptr++;
            break;
        } else if (c == ',') {
            if (expect_item) {
                int row, col;

                getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
                PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "expecting array item at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                             (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
                goto failure;
            }
            expect_item = True;
            jsondata->ptr++;
            continue;
        } else {
            item = decode_json(jsondata);
            if (item == NULL)
                goto failure;
            result = PyList_Append(object, item);
            Py_DECREF(item);
            if (result == -1)
                goto failure;
            expect_item = False;
            items++;
        }
    }

    return object;

failure:
    Py_DECREF(object);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *decode_object(JSONData *jsondata) {
    PyObject *object, *key, *value;
    int c, expect_key, items, result;
    char *start;

    object = PyDict_New();

    expect_key = True;
    items = 0;
    start = jsondata->ptr;
    jsondata->ptr++;

    while (True) {
        skipSpaces(jsondata);
        c = *jsondata->ptr;
        if (c == 0) {
            int row, col;

            getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
            PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "unterminated object starting at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                         (Py_ssize_t)(start-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
            goto failure;
        } else if (c == '}') {
            if (expect_key && items > 0) {
                int row, col;

                getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
                PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "expecting object property name at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                             (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
                goto failure;
            }
            jsondata->ptr++;
            break;
        } else if (c == ',') {
            if (expect_key) {
                int row, col;

                getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
                PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "expecting object property name at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                             (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
                goto failure;
            }
            expect_key = True;
            jsondata->ptr++;
            continue;
        } else {
            if (c != '"') {
                int row, col;

                getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
                PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "expecting property name in object at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                             (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
                goto failure;
            }

            key = decode_json(jsondata);
            if (key == NULL)
                goto failure;

            skipSpaces(jsondata);
            if (*jsondata->ptr != ':') {
                int row, col;

                getRowAndCol(jsondata->str, jsondata->ptr, &row, &col);
                PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "missing colon after object property name at position "SSIZE_T_F"(row "SSIZE_T_F", col "SSIZE_T_F")",
                             (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata->ptr-jsondata->str), (Py_ssize_t)row, (Py_ssize_t)col);
                Py_DECREF(key);
                goto failure;
            } else {
                jsondata->ptr++;
            }

            value = decode_json(jsondata);
            if (value == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(key);
                goto failure;
            }

            result = PyDict_SetItem(object, key, value);
            Py_DECREF(key);
            Py_DECREF(value);
            if (result == -1)
                goto failure;
            expect_key = False;
            items++;
        }
    }

    return object;

failure:
    Py_DECREF(object);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *decode_json(JSONData *jsondata) {
    PyObject *object;

    skipSpaces(jsondata);
    switch (*jsondata->ptr) {
    case 0:
        PyErr_SetString(JSON_DecodeError, "empty JSON description");
        return NULL;

    case '{':
        object = decode_object(jsondata);
        break;

    case '[':
        object = decode_array(jsondata);
        break;

    case '"':
        object = decode_string(jsondata);
        break;

    case 't':
    case 'f':
        object = decode_bool(jsondata);
        break;

    case 'n':
        object = decode_null(jsondata);
        break;

    case 'N':
        object = decode_nan(jsondata);
        break;

    case 'I':
        object = decode_inf(jsondata);
        break;

    case '+':
    case '-':
        if (*(jsondata->ptr+1) == 'I') {
            object = decode_inf(jsondata);
        } else {
            object = decode_number(jsondata);
        }
        break;

    case '0':
    case '1':
    case '2':
    case '3':
    case '4':
    case '5':
    case '6':
    case '7':
    case '8':
    case '9':
        object = decode_number(jsondata);
        break;

    default:
        PyErr_SetString(JSON_DecodeError, "cannot parse JSON description");
        return NULL;
    }

    return object;
}

/* ------------------------------ Encoding ----------------------------- */

/*
 * This function is an almost verbatim copy of PyString_Repr() from
 * Python's stringobject.c with the following differences:
 *
 * - it always quotes the output using double quotes.
 * - it also quotes \b and \f
 * - it replaces any non ASCII character hh with \u00hh instead of \xhh
 */
static PyObject *encode_string(PyObject *string) {
    register PyStringObject *op = (PyStringObject *)string;
    size_t newsize = 2+6*op->ob_size;
    PyObject *v;

    if (op->ob_size > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX-2)/6) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "string is too large to make repr");
        return NULL;
    }
    v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, newsize);
    if (v == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    } else {
        register Py_ssize_t i;
        register char c;
        register char *p;
        int quote;

        quote = '"';

        p = PyString_AS_STRING(v);
        *p++ = quote;
        for (i = 0; i < op->ob_size; i++) {
            /* There's at least enough room for a hex escape
             and a closing quote. */
            assert(newsize-(p-PyString_AS_STRING(v)) >= 7);
            c = op->ob_sval[i];
            if (c == quote || c == '\\')
                *p++ = '\\', *p++ = c;
            else if (c == '\t')
                *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 't';
            else if (c == '\n')
                *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'n';
            else if (c == '\r')
                *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'r';
            else if (c == '\f')
                *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'f';
            else if (c == '\b')
                *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'b';
            else if (c < ' ' || c >= 0x7f) {
                /* For performance, we don't want to call
                 * PyOS_snprintf here (extra layers of
                 * function call). */
                sprintf(p, "\\u%04x", c&0xff);
                p += 6;
            }
            else
                *p++ = c;
        }
        assert(newsize-(p-PyString_AS_STRING(v)) >= 1);
        *p++ = quote;
        *p = '\0';
        _PyString_Resize(&v, (int) (p-PyString_AS_STRING(v)));
        return v;
    }
}

/*
 * This function is an almost verbatim copy of unicodeescape_string() from
 * Python's unicodeobject.c with the following differences:
 *
 * - it always quotes the output using double quotes.
 * - it uses \u00hh instead of \xhh in output.
 * - it also quotes \b and \f
 */
static PyObject *encode_unicode(PyObject *unicode) {
    PyObject *repr;
    Py_UNICODE *s;
    Py_ssize_t size;
    char *p;
    static const char *hexdigit = "0123456789abcdef";

    s = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(unicode);
    size = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(unicode);

    if (size > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX-2-1)/6) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "unicode object is too large to make repr");
        return NULL;
    }

    repr = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 2+6*size+1);
    if (repr == NULL)
        return NULL;

    p = PyString_AS_STRING(repr);

    *p++ = '"';

    while (size-- > 0) {
        Py_UNICODE ch = *s++;

        /* Escape quotes */
        if ((ch == (Py_UNICODE)PyString_AS_STRING(repr)[0] || ch == '\\')) {
            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = (char)ch;
            continue;
#ifdef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
        /* Map 21-bit characters to '\U00xxxxxx' */
        } else if (ch >= 0x10000) {
            int offset = p-PyString_AS_STRING(repr);

            /* Resize the string if necessary */
            if (offset+12 > PyString_GET_SIZE(repr)) {
                if (_PyString_Resize(&repr, PyString_GET_SIZE(repr)+100))
                    return NULL;
                p = PyString_AS_STRING(repr)+offset;
            }

            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = 'U';
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>28)&0x0000000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>24)&0x0000000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>20)&0x0000000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>16)&0x0000000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>12)&0x0000000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>8)&0x0000000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>4)&0x0000000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[ch&0x0000000F];
            continue;
#endif
        /* Map UTF-16 surrogate pairs to Unicode \UXXXXXXXX escapes */
        } else if (ch >= 0xD800 && ch < 0xDC00) {
            Py_UNICODE ch2;
            Py_UCS4 ucs;

            ch2 = *s++;
            size--;
            if (ch2 >= 0xDC00 && ch2 <= 0xDFFF) {
                ucs = (((ch&0x03FF)<<10)|(ch2&0x03FF))+0x00010000;
                *p++ = '\\';
                *p++ = 'U';
                *p++ = hexdigit[(ucs>>28)&0x0000000F];
                *p++ = hexdigit[(ucs>>24)&0x0000000F];
                *p++ = hexdigit[(ucs>>20)&0x0000000F];
                *p++ = hexdigit[(ucs>>16)&0x0000000F];
                *p++ = hexdigit[(ucs>>12)&0x0000000F];
                *p++ = hexdigit[(ucs>>8)&0x0000000F];
                *p++ = hexdigit[(ucs>>4)&0x0000000F];
                *p++ = hexdigit[ucs&0x0000000F];
                continue;
            }
            /* Fall through: isolated surrogates are copied as-is */
            s--;
            size++;
        /* Map 16-bit characters to '\uxxxx' */
        } if (ch >= 256) {
            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = 'u';
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>12)&0x000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>8)&0x000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>4)&0x000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[ch&0x000F];
        /* Map special whitespace to '\t', \n', '\r', '\f', '\b' */
        } else if (ch == '\t') {
            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = 't';
        } else if (ch == '\n') {
            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = 'n';
        } else if (ch == '\r') {
            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = 'r';
        } else if (ch == '\f') {
            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = 'f';
        } else if (ch == '\b') {
            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = 'b';
        }

        /* Map non-printable US ASCII to '\u00hh' */
        else if (ch < ' ' || ch >= 0x7F) {
            *p++ = '\\';
            *p++ = 'u';
            *p++ = '0';
            *p++ = '0';
            *p++ = hexdigit[(ch>>4)&0x000F];
            *p++ = hexdigit[ch&0x000F];
        }

        /* Copy everything else as-is */
        else
            *p++ = (char)ch;
    }

    *p++ = PyString_AS_STRING(repr)[0];

    *p = '\0';
    _PyString_Resize(&repr, p-PyString_AS_STRING(repr));
    return repr;
}

/*
 * This function is an almost verbatim copy of tuplerepr() from
 * Python's tupleobject.c with the following differences:
 *
 * - it uses encode_object() to get the object's JSON reprezentation.
 * - it uses [] as decorations isntead of () (to masquerade as a JSON array).
 */

static PyObject *encode_tuple(PyObject *tuple) {
    Py_ssize_t i, n;
    PyObject *s, *temp;
    PyObject *pieces, *result = NULL;
    PyTupleObject *v = (PyTupleObject *)tuple;

    n = v->ob_size;
    if (n == 0)
        return PyString_FromString("[]");

    pieces = PyTuple_New(n);
    if (pieces == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* Do repr() on each element. */
    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        s = encode_object(v->ob_item[i]);
        if (s == NULL)
            goto Done;
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(pieces, i, s);
    }

    /* Add "[]" decorations to the first and last items. */
    assert(n > 0);
    s = PyString_FromString("[");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    temp = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(pieces, 0);
    PyString_ConcatAndDel(&s, temp);
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(pieces, 0, s);
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;

    s = PyString_FromString("]");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    temp = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(pieces, n-1);
    PyString_ConcatAndDel(&temp, s);
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(pieces, n-1, temp);
    if (temp == NULL)
        goto Done;

    /* Paste them all together with ", " between. */
    s = PyString_FromString(", ");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    result = _PyString_Join(s, pieces);
    Py_DECREF(s);

Done:
    Py_DECREF(pieces);
    return result;
}

/*
 * This function is an almost verbatim copy of list_repr() from
 * Python's listobject.c with the following differences:
 *
 * - it uses encode_object() to get the object's JSON reprezentation.
 * - it doesn't use the ellipsis to represent a list with references
 *   to itself, instead it raises an exception as such lists cannot be
 *   represented in JSON.
 */
static PyObject *encode_list(PyObject *list) {
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject *s, *temp;
    PyObject *pieces = NULL, *result = NULL;
    PyListObject *v = (PyListObject *)list;

    i = Py_ReprEnter((PyObject *)v);
    if (i != 0) {
        if (i > 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(JSON_EncodeError, "a list with references to itself is not JSON encodable");
        }
        return NULL;
    }

    if (v->ob_size == 0) {
        result = PyString_FromString("[]");
        goto Done;
    }

    pieces = PyList_New(0);
    if (pieces == NULL)
        goto Done;

    /* Do repr() on each element.  Note that this may mutate the list,
     * so must refetch the list size on each iteration. */
    for (i = 0; i < v->ob_size; ++i) {
        int status;
        s = encode_object(v->ob_item[i]);
        if (s == NULL)
            goto Done;
        status = PyList_Append(pieces, s);
        Py_DECREF(s);  /* append created a new ref */
        if (status < 0)
            goto Done;
    }

    /* Add "[]" decorations to the first and last items. */
    assert(PyList_GET_SIZE(pieces) > 0);
    s = PyString_FromString("[");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    temp = PyList_GET_ITEM(pieces, 0);
    PyString_ConcatAndDel(&s, temp);
    PyList_SET_ITEM(pieces, 0, s);
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;

    s = PyString_FromString("]");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    temp = PyList_GET_ITEM(pieces, PyList_GET_SIZE(pieces)-1);
    PyString_ConcatAndDel(&temp, s);
    PyList_SET_ITEM(pieces, PyList_GET_SIZE(pieces)-1, temp);
    if (temp == NULL)
        goto Done;

    /* Paste them all together with ", " between. */
    s = PyString_FromString(", ");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    result = _PyString_Join(s, pieces);
    Py_DECREF(s);

Done:
    Py_XDECREF(pieces);
    Py_ReprLeave((PyObject *)v);
    return result;
}

/*
 * This function is an almost verbatim copy of dict_repr() from
 * Python's dictobject.c with the following differences:
 *
 * - it uses encode_object() to get the object's JSON reprezentation.
 * - only accept strings for keys.
 * - it doesn't use the ellipsis to represent a dictionary with references
 *   to itself, instead it raises an exception as such dictionaries cannot
 *   be represented in JSON.
 */
static PyObject *encode_dict(PyObject *dict) {
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject *s, *temp, *colon = NULL;
    PyObject *pieces = NULL, *result = NULL;
    PyObject *key, *value;
    PyDictObject *mp = (PyDictObject *)dict;

    i = Py_ReprEnter((PyObject *)mp);
    if (i != 0) {
        if (i > 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(JSON_EncodeError, "a dict with references to "
                            "itself is not JSON encodable");
        }
        return NULL;
    }

    if (mp->ma_used == 0) {
        result = PyString_FromString("{}");
        goto Done;
    }

    pieces = PyList_New(0);
    if (pieces == NULL)
        goto Done;

    colon = PyString_FromString(": ");
    if (colon == NULL)
        goto Done;

    /* Do repr() on each key+value pair, and insert ": " between them.
     * Note that repr may mutate the dict. */
    i = 0;
    while (PyDict_Next((PyObject *)mp, &i, &key, &value)) {
        int status;

        if (!PyString_Check(key) && !PyUnicode_Check(key)) {
            PyErr_SetString(JSON_EncodeError, "JSON encodable dictionaries must have string/unicode keys");
            goto Done;
        }

        /* Prevent repr from deleting value during key format. */
        Py_INCREF(value);
        s = encode_object(key);
        PyString_Concat(&s, colon);
        PyString_ConcatAndDel(&s, encode_object(value));
        Py_DECREF(value);
        if (s == NULL)
            goto Done;
        status = PyList_Append(pieces, s);
        Py_DECREF(s);  /* append created a new ref */
        if (status < 0)
            goto Done;
    }

    /* Add "{}" decorations to the first and last items. */
    assert(PyList_GET_SIZE(pieces) > 0);
    s = PyString_FromString("{");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    temp = PyList_GET_ITEM(pieces, 0);
    PyString_ConcatAndDel(&s, temp);
    PyList_SET_ITEM(pieces, 0, s);
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;

    s = PyString_FromString("}");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    temp = PyList_GET_ITEM(pieces, PyList_GET_SIZE(pieces)-1);
    PyString_ConcatAndDel(&temp, s);
    PyList_SET_ITEM(pieces, PyList_GET_SIZE(pieces)-1, temp);
    if (temp == NULL)
        goto Done;

    /* Paste them all together with ", " between. */
    s = PyString_FromString(", ");
    if (s == NULL)
        goto Done;
    result = _PyString_Join(s, pieces);
    Py_DECREF(s);

Done:
    Py_XDECREF(pieces);
    Py_XDECREF(colon);
    Py_ReprLeave((PyObject *)mp);
    return result;
}

static PyObject *encode_object(PyObject *object) {
    if (object == Py_True) {
        return PyString_FromString("true");
    } else if (object == Py_False) {
        return PyString_FromString("false");
    } else if (object == Py_None) {
        return PyString_FromString("null");
    } else if (PyString_Check(object)) {
        return encode_string(object);
    } else if (PyUnicode_Check(object)) {
        return encode_unicode(object);
    } else if (PyFloat_Check(object)) {
        double val = PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(object);
        if (Py_IS_NAN(val)) {
            return PyString_FromString("NaN");
        } else if (Py_IS_INFINITY(val)) {
            if (val > 0) {
                return PyString_FromString("Infinity");
            } else {
                return PyString_FromString("-Infinity");
            }
        } else {
            return PyObject_Str(object);
        }
    } else if (PyInt_Check(object) || PyLong_Check(object)) {
        return PyObject_Str(object);
    } else if (PyList_Check(object)) {
        return encode_list(object);
    } else if (PyTuple_Check(object)) {
        return encode_tuple(object);
    } else if (PyDict_Check(object)) { /* use PyMapping_Check(object) instead? -Dan */
        return encode_dict(object);
    } else {
        PyErr_SetString(JSON_EncodeError, "object is not JSON encodable");
        return NULL;
    }
}

/* Encode object into its JSON representation */

static PyObject *JSON_encode(PyObject *self, PyObject *object) {
    return encode_object(object);
}

/* Decode JSON representation into pyhton objects */

static PyObject *JSON_decode(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs) {
    static char *kwlist[] = { "json", "all_unicode", NULL };
    int all_unicode = False; /* by default return unicode only when needed */
    PyObject *object, *string, *str;
    JSONData jsondata;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "O|i:decode", kwlist, &string, &all_unicode))
        return NULL;

    if (PyUnicode_Check(string)) {
        str = PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString(string);
        if (str == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(string);
        str = string;
    }

    if (PyString_AsStringAndSize(str, &(jsondata.str), NULL) == -1) {
        Py_DECREF(str);
        return NULL; /* not a string object or it contains null bytes */
    }

    jsondata.ptr = jsondata.str;
    jsondata.end = jsondata.str+strlen(jsondata.str);
    jsondata.all_unicode = all_unicode;

    object = decode_json(&jsondata);

    if (object != NULL) {
        skipSpaces(&jsondata);
        if (jsondata.ptr < jsondata.end) {
            PyErr_Format(JSON_DecodeError, "extra data after JSON description at position "SSIZE_T_F, (Py_ssize_t)(jsondata.ptr-jsondata.str));
            Py_DECREF(str);
            Py_DECREF(object);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    Py_DECREF(str);

    return object;
}

/* List of functions defined in the module */

static PyMethodDef cjson_methods[] = {
    { "encode", (PyCFunction)JSON_encode,  METH_O,
    PyDoc_STR("encode(object) -> generate the JSON representation for object.") },

    { "decode", (PyCFunction)JSON_decode,  METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS,
    PyDoc_STR("decode(string, all_unicode=False) -> parse the JSON representation into\n"
              "python objects. The optional argument `all_unicode', specifies how to\n"
              "convert the strings in the JSON representation into python objects.\n"
              "If it is False (default), it will return strings everywhere possible\n"
              "and unicode objects only where necessary, else it will return unicode\n"
              "objects everywhere (this is slower).") },

    { NULL, NULL, 0, NULL }  /* sentinel */
};

PyDoc_STRVAR(module_doc, "Fast JSON encoder/decoder module.");

/* Initialization function for the module (*must *be called initcjson) */
#define MODULE_VERSION "1.0.5"
PyMODINIT_FUNC initcjson(void) {
    PyObject *m;

    m = Py_InitModule3("cjson", cjson_methods, module_doc);

    if (m == NULL)
        return;

    JSON_Error = PyErr_NewException("cjson.Error", NULL, NULL);
    if (JSON_Error == NULL)
        return;
    Py_INCREF(JSON_Error);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "Error", JSON_Error);

    JSON_EncodeError = PyErr_NewException("cjson.EncodeError", JSON_Error, NULL);
    if (JSON_EncodeError == NULL)
        return;
    Py_INCREF(JSON_EncodeError);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "EncodeError", JSON_EncodeError);

    JSON_DecodeError = PyErr_NewException("cjson.DecodeError", JSON_Error, NULL);
    if (JSON_DecodeError == NULL)
        return;
    Py_INCREF(JSON_DecodeError);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "DecodeError", JSON_DecodeError);

    /* Module version (the MODULE_VERSION macro is defined by setup.py) */
    PyModule_AddStringConstant(m, "__version__", MODULE_VERSION);
}